Do White Males Have Anything To Fear free essay sample

From Affirmative Action Essay, Research Paper Do white guys have anything to fear from Affirmative Action? Governmental policy regarding minorities in society can be characterized as arrangements utilized in the United States to expand chances for minorities by prefering them in drawing in and exposure, school permissions, and the granting of specialists contracts. Contingent on the situation, # 8220 ; minorities # 8221 ; may incorporate any underrepresented gathering, especially one characterized by race, ethnicity, or sex. This activity establishes a decent religion endeavor by workers to go to past or potentially these days preference through a variety of explicit, results-situated processs. This is a measure past equivalent possibility Torahs that simply boycott biased examples. There are four boss kinds of affirmatory activity that a business may use. They include: ? Forceful selecting to spread out the pool of campaigners for occupation holes ; ? Assessing and refreshing decision instruments and gauges to ensure their significance to occupation open introduction ; ? Updating conventional strides of ethicalness to additional to the full recognize blessing and open introduction under changing conditions ; ? Building up finishes and schedules for connecting with underrepresented gatherings These are non the solitary ways that businesses use to supplement the affirmatory activity however they are the more ideal approaches to attack the activity of bias in the work environment. We will compose a custom exposition test on Do White Males Have Anything To Fear or then again any comparable point explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page From its beginnings in the United States in the sixtiess, affirmatory activity has been amazingly questionable. Pundits charge that affirmatory activity arrangements, which give unfair intercession to individuals dependent on their position in a gathering, abuse the vital that all people are equivalent under the statute. These pundits contend that it is unfai R to know separated against individuals from one gathering today to offset for partiality against different gatherings in the days gone by. They view affirmatory activity as a signifier of rearward preference that unjustifiably forestalls Whites and work powers from being employed and advanced. Governmental policy regarding minorities in society is non a component of preference, yet a device for engaging partiality. # 8220 ; Reverse bias # 8221 ; is unlawful under bing social equality statute that secures individuals everything being equal and the two sexual orientations from partiality. Of in excess of 90,000 diseases of work partiality recorded with the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission in 1994, under 3 % of included charges of rearward preference against white guys. In a study directed by the U.S. Branch of Labor they found that, of in excess of 3,000 detailed government council examples avering bias from mid-1990 to mid-1994, less than 100 asserted opposite partiality. Further, simply six of those 100 occurrences were settled for white work powers avering opposite partiality. Courts find that the gigantic main part of rearward bias cased were without righteousness and that few were brought by white work powers who had all the earmarks of being less qualified than the minorities who were recruited or advanced. The Labor Department study concentrate other than expressed: # 8220 ; Many of the cases were the result of a crushed applier # 8230 ; erroneously assuming that when a grown-up females or minority got the occupation, it was a direct result of race or sex, non capability. # 8221 ; A great many white guys advantage directly from affirmatory activity and surveies show that # 8220 ; change by inversion preference # 8221 ; is exceptionally uncommon. At the point when it happens, its real casualties are ensured under bing social equality Torahs and may look for defense through specialists departments or the courts.

Management project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

The board venture - Essay Example Age Y are occupied with broad web and new innovation utilization. They are trend-setters in the internet based life stages. The young fragment represents high versatile and broadband web for getting to data and web based buying. With expanded interest from this market fragment, the aircraft business proceeded to present more trips at less expensive rates. The effect of youth ventures isn't just restricted to the movement business however to the innovation and media transmission industry also (Richards, and Wilson, 2004) The writer Moutinho (2011) in his book clarifies the effect of youth voyagers on the worldwide the travel industry division. Over 20% of the complete worldwide ventures were the adolescent. The all out universal ventures represented 940 million of every 2010. The worldwide the travel industry got $165 billion of every 2010 from youthful explorers and furthermore anticipates that this number should develop in the coming years. The youthful populace has driven the adjustment in the correspondence innovation and has constrained the travel industry to construct new correspondence framework to collaborate with them. The travel industry has profited by the new market fragment of through expanded income as well as permitted them to incorporate their methodology with maintainability. The young travel industry represents 190 million ventures per year and its pace of development has surpassed the development pace of movement industry. The yearly global youth trips are relied upon to arrive at 300 million outings by 2020 (Moutinho, 2011). The creator Loudon (2001) clarifies that adolescent travel adds to the improvement of neighborhood networks and the economies. It is seen that youthful explorers spend as much as 60% of their movement financial plan in the goal place. Little economies are exclusively reliant on the travel industry segment for their income and the movement receipts from the youthful voyagers add to the profit of the nearby network. Neighborhood people group profit by the

New Student Photo Series 2011 Post #17 COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

New Student Photo Series 2011 â€" Post #17 COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog There is still plenty of time for incoming students to submit photos for posting on the blog.   See this entry for details. My name is Mariana Costa and I am an incoming MDP student from Peru. I wanted to share some pictures I have taken from children in Latin America and the Caribbean. I think their expressions tell much about them. This picture was taken in Chichicastenango, Guatemala. We were doing a training on civil registration to local community leaders, and this little girl and boy were playing around. This is in Lake Titicaca, the highest navigable lake in the world (3,811 above sea level), shared between Peru and Bolivia. A local girl from Amantani Island is wearing a typical hat that symbolizes she is already over 7 years of age. This last picture was taken in Port-au-Prince, Haiti. I took it during a registration campaign we were doing in one of the shelters established in the city after the January 2010 earthquake. Ziqi Wang from China is an incoming MPA student. These first two photos were taken in Hong Kong. In the the first photo, the fortune-telling people are talking with their guests. The statues in the second photo are the typical costumes in the Peking opera. I took this photo together with my friends. This is a photo taken in the Victoria Harbor in Hong Kong. I like the color of the sea at dusk. The buildings along the seaside give me a peaceful feeling, totaling different from the noisy atmosphere in Hong Kong.

Globalization - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 10 Words: 3117 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Business Essay Type Problem solution essay Tags: Globalization Essay Did you like this example? In this developing society, globalization is being talked about more frequently. But what is globalization? And what is its impact on the individual corporation? In fact, globalization is not a new word. The earliest forms of globalization were based on business, the international exchange of tangible goods. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Globalization" essay for you Create order Take silk as an example, since 110BC, there was some merchantmen engaged in international business between China and Middle Asia, and even to the Mediterranean Sea. Their route was called the Silk Road, which is very famous and is considered to be a sign of early international business and globalization. The early globalization was based on trading, therefore previous theories were also focused on this issue. One of them is Adam Smiths absolute advantage. He believe that replacing the restrictive mercantile system with free international exchange would led to reduction in levels of poverty and would stimulate social and moral improvement in all participating countries. Smith reasoned that countries should specialize in production of goods for which they could achieve a low unit cost of production and import them if it is cheaper to do so than to produce them domestically. However, Smith had not considered the situation where two countries might both benefit from trade exchange with e ach other even where one holds absolute advantage over the other in the production of all goods. Based on this, David Ricardo presented his new theory (David Ricardo , 1817)-theory of comparative advantage. And that has become one of the most important concepts in international trade theory. In his theory, the choice of which commodity each country should specialize in is not determined by a simple comparison of the cost of production between countries, as defined by the cost of labour. This comparative advantage is considered as the one of the most common theories in the world because it includes an important factor of production-labour, which is one of the most important factors in international business environment. The theory of comparative advantage is more flexible and more adapt to the modern complex global environment, as well. However, international business is only a part of modern globalization. And in the new age, as there are different focus on the issue, there is not a n universal definition of globalization(Jan Aart Scholte 2002 ). Someone define globalization as a concept, refers to both the compression of the world and the intensification of consciousness of the world as a whole. (Robertson,1992). However, this concept does not include maybe the greatest connotation of globalization- its impact on economy. Economy globalization, stands for the globalization of business, investment, finance and production, in other words, it is the best collocate of the production element in the whole world. It is rooted of the great evolution of productivity and international labour distribution, which forcing the more span of ethnic and country boundary. There are two main views on the globalization. Deglobalization, on the one hand, is one kind of the aspects that has been resistance to globalization. In the contemporary world the use of the term globalism as a negative comment on what has with equal pejorativeness been described in ideological terms as one-w orldism or cosmopolitanism is not uncommon in political and other campaigns, and of course there is a quite long genealogy of such terms. Their view mainly based on some negative effects of globalization, such as globalization would accelerate the gap unbalance of the world economy, expend the gap between rich and poor countries; it would cause the pollution of the environment in developing countries; globalization must shock local   culture as well as local economy. But we have to be very conscious of the fact that negative gestures, gestures of opposition, are typically expressed in contemporary terms and in reference to contemporary circumstances. People who hold this view often come from developing countries, which means they may experience more negative effects rather than positive ones. However, we should view the issue completely, from both side of the globalization. Globalization is here to stay, one cannot back away from that fact, but todays new order can be tapped for the advancement of the entire world economy through peaceful economic efforts. Lawrence R. Klein (2005)   Nobel Laureate 1980 Globalization, firstly, is a better way to distribute the capital, technical, product, market, resource and labour all over the world. Secondly, globalization offers great opportunity for developing countries to benefit themselves through their advantages. Thirdly, globalization would accelerate the foundation and development of grand world culture. Moreover, globalization has significant positive effects on the coordinate of international politics as well as international conflicts. In itself globalization is neither good nor bad. Its economic impact can be both welfare-enhancing and dislocating. (Dilip K. Das: 2008) Factors that influenced globalization: The most important one is economy. As mentioned before, the earliest aspect of globalization is based on multination good exchange. Different countries have different advantages, they can exchange their own advantages with each other, benefit the both sides, by the measure of international trading. This concept had been rooted in almost all the businessmen and had great effect on their activities. In this day and age, multinational corporations cannot be limited in one region or area, because they need more resources, which are not only high quantity, but also high quality and low cost. In order to meet this demand, they have to go abroad, seeking for new, better material. Meanwhile, the domestic market often being saturation, or have less profit than before, so they have to explore new markets. And foreign country would be their new cake, no matter whether the companies want to do so. And these multinational corporations have effectively promoted the development of globalization. A BMW car, for example, maybe have its engine made in German, and the tires made in UK, final assemble in Greece, and sold to American. It is because different country has different advantage, so that big company synthesis these advantages all together and make its profit max, and cost minimum, as well. In this way the globalization is more common and necessary in present society. Politics is also one of the factors that impacts globalization. Recent decades have witnessed major growth of planetary-scale regulation through transgovernmental networks and accompanying global administrative law (Raustiala, 2002; Slaughter, 2004; Kingsbury and Krisch, 2006). Kinds of international trade agreements and organizations have great effects on international trade. Take WTO as an example, there are ten benefits which are being listed officially, as a positive effect of their trading system  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   (10 benefits of the WTO trading system https://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/whatis_e/ 10ben_e/10b00_e.htm), that are: 1. The system helps promote peace; 2. Disputes are handled constructively; 3. Rules make life easier for all; 4. Freer trade cuts the costs of living; 5. It provides more choice of products and qualities; 6. Trade raises incomes; 7. Trade stimulates economic growth; 8. The basic principles make life more   Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   efficient; 9. Governments are shielded from lobbying; 10. The system encourages good government. Despite there are many advantages of global politics, which impact on international business, we cannot ignore the negative effects of politics. Almost every country has some kind of domestic protective politics. These are meant to prevent domestic industries from being beaten by foreign companies. one simply explain is raising the tariff of import good until it is more expensive than domestic one, often by the measures of high tariff or set some limitation of quantity of import good. Yet for all of th is institutional innovation and expansion, global governance today still falls far short of needs. However, much more and much better transplanetary regulation is needed to ensure that globalisation impacts positively on core attributes of a good society such as cultural vibrancy, democracy, distributive justice, ecological integrity, material well-being and peace.( Jan Aart Scholte : 2007) Technical also plays an important role on the globalization. For example, the invention of airplane, had greatly improved the globalization. People can easily go anywhere on the earth by airplane. With the help of airplane, there are more and more communications between different countries. However, modern technical has some negative effect on poor countries. That is, developed countries hold their core technical, secretly, and benefit from it. While developing ones only have to become the factory of richer ones. Then although developing countries benefit from the production, the gap between t wo groups has became even larger. Globalization effects on the factors: Globalization has greatly accelerated the global economy as a whole. As mentioned before, globalization is based on the international business, and, globalization itself has its own aspect on the economy. When it comes to individual companies, as a result of the global changes of labour, capital, and other produce elements, globalization is both an opportunity and a threat, in the swot analysis. On the one hand, globalization provides a broader chance-from resource to sale- to local companies, which means companies can achieve profit maximum and cost minimum. However, on the other hand, globalization will introduce more competitors to the local companies. And some of the competitor may be a great threaten to local ones. international corporations are happy to see this because it is more convenience for them.( Edelberg, Paul B:2005) For example, they can offshore their manufaction department to Africa or Asia, where the cost is lower, and keep the design department and core technica l in their nation land, for a high productivity and the keep their advantages. On the issue of the country, globalization is an undoubtedly trend which every country must experience and adapt to. (Lawrence R. Klein, 2005, Nobel Laureate 1980) As same as aspects on individual companies, globalization has both positive effects and negative on the countries economy. Globalization and international production distribution gave a great opportunity to third world countries, which means developing countries can benefit themselves by make good use of their advantages, such as low cost labour and a more free policy. It is what we all can see that a lot of regions developed fast in the past 30 years, for example east Asia, including Chinese Taiwan, Korea and other regions, all their achievements can be contributed to the spread of globalization. Meanwhile, developed countries had also benefit from the process of globalization. Companies from developed countries have more advantages compare d with companies from poor ones on average and therefore globalization provide the strengthen companies a platform to lead or even dominate the global market. And that means the country as a whole can benefit more than before. On the controversy, people who antiglobalization have their reasons. Their mainly sustainably reason is that globalization which would import foreign capital that would have greatly influence on ethnic capital and local industry as well as local environment pollution(Bond, Patrick: 2005). Also globalization can raise the risk of the change of the economy in globalization because the feeble changing economy is much more tightly linked with the global and can easily being shocked by the fluctuation of the global market. What is more, globalization threatens the dominion of economy of the country, and expends the gap between developing countries and developed countries. Not only are developing countries suffering from globalization but also the developed count ries. The offshore of factory has made a lot of people lost their job in developed countries, and the cost of labour keeping a high lever therefore local products have less competition advantage. And this would cause a lot of local companies closed during the great influence of low-price and high- quality import goods. Globalization is also promoting the technical development. It is what we can all see that the human genome (the full collection of genes in a human being) is being accomplished by the scientists all over the world. It is hard to image to finish the job without the information and experience exchange inter-countries. Thanks to Globalization, there is now a platform for scientist all over the world to get useful information, publish their new founding, and get feedback, from all over the world. Moreover, the influence of globalization on the politics is increasingly represented. Regulations of international organizations are more and more influence on the local po licy. An agreement of global emission control regulations would lead a great change in the regulation for local automobile factory, for example. In the global village (Marshall McLuhan,1960), the boundary of the countries is becoming weaker while the interact among countries is more weight than ever before. Part 2 NIKE, the worlds biggest sports and leisure products company, which can be defined as a multinational corporations (HoodYoung 1979) , had experienced a globalization way. Phil Knight, the foundation of NIKE, who had finished is MBA at Stanford University. During his study, he had a lesson which changed his life. After the lesson, Phil wrote an essay with the title Can Japanese sport shoe challenge Germany sport shoes just like Japanese camera challenge Germany cameras? After that essay, Phil found his way. And after his graduation, he went to Japan to seek opportunity. At one exhibition, Phil met the producer of tiger sport shoe, and Phil claimed he was an American who from blue riband in US. And he was wonder in the Japanese sport shoe. At the same time, the tiger company was just looking for their agent in US. Therefore tiger gave the dealership of tiger in US to the young man. After that, Phil went back to US immediately with the dealership and met Bill Bowerman, his former c oach in university, and they established the genuine blue riband company, which is the former company of NIKE. Tiger is very popular in USA market and the new company benefit a lot from this. Meanwhile, blue riband accumulated cash during that period. After that, tiger company covet the great profit in USA market and required to buy 51% stocks of blue riband, otherwise they would stop supplying shoes to USA market. blue riband refused the requirement and finder their new partner with their own design. In the end of that year, Phil named his company NIKE, which comes from the Greek legend. The first time the name and the swoosh appear together is 1972. In 1980s Moscow Olympics, the first player who wears NIKE won the gold medal, at the same year, NIKE established its first branch in Netherlands. In the next Olympics, 58 players who NIKE sponsored won 65 medals and Carl Lewis won 4 gold. In 1997, NIKE established two customer service in Seoul and Tokyo. In 1998 NIKE made a 10-year-agr eement with Brazilian national football team, preparing for the 1998 world cup and made the special boot for Ronaldo, which is a silver one and became famous during that world cup. In 2000 Sydney Olympics more than 2000 athletics in 25 items wearing NIKE. In 2002 world cup NIKE sponsored 8 teams including the champion Brazil and the best shooter Ronaldo, with 11 goals. With the unstoppable effort, NIKE had occupied 33% of the world market in1979 and even 50%in 1981, which is far ahead Adidas. Since 1970s, NIKE has established a new model-virtual production. NIKE does not have one factory, while he makes use of his trademark, design and development, through special permit to have a mass production in the regions where the cost of labour is cheap. The company itself devotes all the resources into demanding research, product design as well as marketing. The method of this special production is now being copied all over the world. With the unstoppable effort, NIKE had occupied 33% of the world market in1979 and even 50% in 1981, which is far ahead Adidas. To be more precise, we should consider the expending of NIKEs global production. Year 1964 Phil Knight and Bill Bowerman devoted 500dollars to import Tiger to USA. Year 1978   The company changed its name to NIKE formally. 1970s NIKE was mainly produced by two Japanese companies-Nippon Rubber and Nihon Koyo. Late 1970s  Because of the high cost of Japanese production, NIKE was trying to produce in USA and seeking for other producer and supplier. Early 1980s  Korea and Chinese Taiwan had became the main manufacture place. In1982 86% of NIKE shoes were made in the two regions. Late 1990s  Indonesia, China, and Vietnam became the main manufacture place. Year 2001 NIKE is manufactured in 51 countries, in more than 700 authorised factories, and by more than 500,000 workers, including: 74 factories and 175,960 workers in China; 30 factories and 104,514 workers in Indonesia;   62 factories and 47,962 workers in Thailand; 12 factories and 43,414 workers in Vietnam. (Richard M. Locke. 2002) The case of NIKE is adequately indicated the importance of global working distribution. For the multinational corporations like NIKE, international distribution and agency authorised manufacture can effectively reducing the cost of production as well as making their operation more flexible. And for the companies in developing countries, devote in such a distribution system can get approach to international market, therefore benefit them. Also we can see how FDI influence NIKEs development in the past 20 years. Nike Company get its first profit from international business, and first mainly rely on Japanese company to product. After that, Nike was seeking for better environment for product all over the world, including USA, China, and other countries. Now Nike production is mainly based on the authorised factories in east south Asia. The development of globalization gives companies like Nike a great opportunity to achieve the goal of cost minimum and profit maximum. In the economy globalization, countries all over the world can develop their preponderant industries and through the exchanging in international market, to get economical profit. And finally promoting the development of the countries and benefit the citizens. And not only companies in developed countries can expand rapidly but also the companies in developing countries. It concludes that, going by the available evidence, globalization on balance is a welfare-enhancing force. ( Dilip K. Das. 2008) References: David Ricardo: 1817, essay on the external corn trade Jan Aart Scholte : 2002, What Is Globalization? The Definitional Issue Again, CSGR Working Paper No. 109/02 Roland Robertson:1992, Globalization awrence R. Klein: 2005, Nobel Laureate 1980 Dilip K. Das: 2008, Winners of Globalization, CSGR Working Paper, 2 Raustiala, K. (2002) The Architecture of International Cooperation: Transgovernmental Networks and the Future of International Law, Virginia Journal of International Law, vol. 43, no. 1 (Fall), pp. 1-92 Slaughter, A.-M. (2004) A New World Order. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Kingsbury, B.W. and N. Krisch (eds) (2006) Symposium on Global Governance and Global Administrative Law in the International Legal Order, European Journal of International Law, vol. 17, pp. 1-278. 10 benefits of the WTO trading system https://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/whatis_e/10ben_e/10b00_e.htm Jan Aart Scholte : 2007, Civil Society and the Legitimation of Global Governance, CSGR Working Paper, Edelberg, Paul B:2005, globalization is good for American, Fairfield county business journal, 7/4/2005, vol44, issue27, 30-30, Bond, Patrick: 2005, globalisation/commodification or deglobalization/decommodification in urban South Africa , Policy Studies, Vol.26, Issue 3/4, 337-358 Marshall McLuhan: 1960 , Explorations in Communication Richard M. Locke: 2002, The Promise and Perils of Globalization: The case of NIKE. Dilip K. Das: 2008, Winners of Globalization, CSGR Working Paper, 2.

Descartes’ Mind and Body Distinction - 817 Words

Descartes’ Mind/Body Distinction This paper will attempt to explain Descartes’ first argument for the distinction that exists between mind and body. Dualism is a necessary aspect of Descartes’ metaphysics and epistemology. This distinction is important within the larger framework of Meditations on First Philosophy (1641) because after doubting everything (body, extension, senses, etc.), Descartes comes to the conclusion that because he doubts, he must be a thinking thing and therefore exist (p.43). This means that the mind must be separate and independent from the body. One can doubt that the body exists while leaving the mind intact. To doubt that the mind exists, however, is contradictory. For if the mind does not exist, how, or with what, is that doubt being accomplished. Descartes’ argument for mind/body dualism can be simply stated in the following manner: 1. I have a clear and distinct idea of myself as a thinking thing. 2. I have a clear and distinct idea of body, whose essence is extension. 3. I can conceive of mind separate and independent of body. C. Mind and body are distinct and separate things (p. 64). Descartes has set this argument up with previous discussion earlier in the Meditations. This being so, a discussion of each premise is necessary to see how Descartes arrives at the formulation of this argument. Premise 1 is the foundational point that the first couple books in the Meditations serve in reaching. Descartes sets out to doubt everything, andShow MoreRelatedSummary Of Descartes On The Mind-Body Distinction751 Words   |  4 PagesAssignment Descartes on the Mind-Body Distinction In the Sixth Mediation, Descartes advances a compact argument for the idea that the mind and the body are distinct (2006, AT 78). In this essay, I’m going to present what I take Descartes’ argument to be, and very briefly evaluate it afterwards. Descartes starts with the thought the we can understand, at least, something, and we can understand something in a specific manner: clearly and distinctly; we can’t be wrong, according to Descartes, about thingsRead MoreDescartes’ Arguments for the Real Distinction of Mind and Body1154 Words   |  5 PagesDescartes’ Arguments for the Real Distinction of Mind and Body Descartes argues has three main arguments for minds and bodies being two different distinct types of substance. 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Recruitment and Human Resources Management Free Essays

Recruitment According to Edwin B. Flippo, â€Å"recruitment is the process of searching the candidates for employment and stimulating them to apply for jobs in the organisation†. Recruitment is the activity that links the employers and the job seekers. We will write a custom essay sample on Recruitment and Human Resources Management or any similar topic only for you Order Now In other words, it is a process of finding and attracting capable applicants for employment. The process begins when new recruits are sought and ends when their applications are submitted. The result is a pool of applications from which new employees are selected. Flippo Edwin B. (1984) Recruitment Procedure In today’s scenario, the recruitment procedure varies depending upon the nature of the requirement. These procedures require the placement of the right talent at the right place, thereby making the association mutually beneficial for the employer and the employee. There are usually two types of recruitment processes. Recruitment Processes: External and Internal Internal recruitment – The term internal recruitment is defined as the practice of choosing amongst current company workers to fill a position that falls vacant over time. This may include a change in profile on the part of the employee. Internal recruitment is more economical and less time consuming for the company. External recruitment – In contrast, external recruitment has to do with external candidates applying for an available position. Once the staffing requirements are determined, an organization has to ensure that there are appropriate recruitment systems in place to attract and select candidates of the right caliber. This requires identifying and focusing on each of the critical stages of the recruitment process. Naturally, the resources spent for the overall selection process are more. The Human Resources Department (HRD) team plays a significant role in the recruitment process steps of every organization. Whenever a vacancy arises in an organization, it is the responsibility of the HRD to place the information in the public domain through the various media, such as newspapers and various job sites. However, it is of utmost importance that the advertisement designed clearly defines the designation, job profile and the concomitant skill set required. Filtration and Selection of Relevant Resumes As the organization will float the advertisement for the Vacancy, the jobseekers will start applying for the position. After receiving an adequate number of responses from job seekers, the scrutiny process of the resumes begins. This step play an essential role in the recruitment selection process, because selecting the correct resumes that match the job profile, is very critical. Generally, it is done by a competent person who understands all the responsibilities associated with the designation in its entirely. Candidates with the given skill set are then chosen and further called for interview. Preliminary Selection Techniques Now a days, Online employment screening is a technique employed by certain employers. This technique saves a lot of time and money for the employer. It is an efficient method to assess the skills and knowledge of the candidate with regards to the required skill set. Assessment center technique is another method that includes lots of exercises on problem solving, presentation, aptitudes test and many more. In this process, employers usually check the different skills of a person. After a candidate has cleared these tests, there is usually a formal round of interview with the HRD, where the discussion that includes salary expectations and subsequent negotiations takes place. Recruitment Interview Job interviews play an important role in the entire recruitment process. It is very important to put the candidate at ease, so as to eliminate initial nervousness and to break the ice. It is better to start with general questions to the candidate, so that he feels relaxed. Queries should be job related, objective and understandable to the candidate. In this step only candidate demonstrates and assures the panel of his suitability for the post. The recruitment process of an organization ends by finalizing the candidate followed by other joining procedures and formalities. Suvamita Ghosh (2009/2010 Advantages and disadvantages of external and internal recruitment: Advantages of internal recruitment are more than just cutting on advertisement costs because it offers wonderful opportunities for the current staff to further their careers. Internal recruitment could also be a great way of keeping workers who may have been considering a flight from the company, this is advantageous because the cost of training are at most best insignificant and to the worst much less than it would cost if the organization advertised outside. It’s definitely faster and less costly than outside recruitment and it has the added merits because current employees are a familiar entity. Some organizations conduct external recruitment only to discover later that they have a member of staff who doesn’t fit into the general environ and the mission and vision statement of the organization. The disadvantage of internal recruitment is that the size of prospective applicants is considerably reduced. There is no doubt that outside recruitment provides the organization with a broader skill pool and wider experience than could be the case with internal recruitment. A staff member who responds to the internal advertised position and gets the job might discover that their workmates resent that promotion and that could prove very challenging for them in their newfound positions. If a company does its recruitment internally, It most probably faces the possibility of having another empty position to fill, and of how to do that. Organizations that heavily rely on inside recruitment might eventually find that they have to advertise outside the organization, the cost notwithstanding. Current staff may fill to be the best candidates for the position regardless of whether they have the necessary expertise and expertise required for the job. Abhishek Agarwal (2008) External recruitment A PREFERENCE! Reasons To advantages. It helps you cquire competitive intelligence about other firms. New hires can help you identify other potential candidates to â€Å"poach† from their firm. The new ideas that applicants and new hires bring in stimulate the thinking of others. It keeps our employees on the edge because they know they must compete against outsiders for jobs. Outside hires don’t have political alliances already set up. This can help them implement new id eas without the â€Å"baggage† of past political battles. Some argue that hiring â€Å"already trained† people is cheaper than developing and promoting internal talent.. The outside recruiting and advertising for outside hires may tangentially help build your brand, send a message that you are growing and also help boost sales. In most cases external hiring adds more to the diversity of the workforce than internal hiring. If the firm is going global, it will undoubtedly line that external â€Å"local† hires are superior and performance to internal promotions. On the contrary, there are many disadvantages of external recruitment like, Outside hires can weaken the corporate culture by bringing in counter culture people. External hires often have a longer â€Å"adjustment period† and orientation costs are higher. Customers may feel slighted if they don’t get one of the Firm’s current employees Firms with strategic alliances may anger their partners by â€Å"poaching† their talent. Hiring talent away from customers and suppliers may harm your business relationships. Legal issues can occur when hiring intact teams, top technical talent with non-compete agreements. In a competitive market you can’t hire quality talent without a strong recruiting function. Learning internet recruiting and setting up web pages may be prohibitively expensive or time consuming. Dr. John Sullivan (1999) In order to illustrate the recruitment and selection process, we can take an example of hiring General Manager-Operations for an organization ventured into manufacturing of Electrical Products. The recruitment procedure starts from identifying Job requirements as soon as the recruitment need is finalized. HR Department will draft the job description, job requirements and proposed compensation; develop a budget and timeline for the search process; and then submit these proposals for approval by the full board. The budget should include advertising and candidate other hiring expenses. Then the committee places ads, screens responses, checks references, develops interview questions, selects candidates to be interviewed, makes travel arrangements for out-of town candidates and conducts interviews. The next step is to shortlist the candidates in order to hire the best for the position vacant. Final round of interview can be arranged with the senior management along with the hiring recommendations. The final results should be notified immediately in order to complete the recruitment procedure with issuing Letter of Intent/Appointment Letter and other joining formalities. Conclusion Recruitment is essential to effective Human Resources Management. It is the heart of the whole HR systems in the organization. The effectiveness of many other HR activities, such as selection and training depends largely on the quality of new employees attracted through the recruitment the recruitment process. Policies should always be reviewed as these are affected by the changing environment. Management should get specific training on the process of recruitment to increase their awareness on the dangers of wrong placements. HR practitioners should be on the guard against all the malpractices and advocate for professional approach through out the system. The HR should indicate disagreement in the event that biasing toward certain candidates is creeping in and point out the repercussions that may follow in terms of performance and motivation. It is the author’s conviction that, the recruitment process should be seen in the context of ongoing staff planning that is linked to the strategic and financial planning of the organization. Nyamupachari Vareta, Recruitment Process: The heart of Human Resources Management Referencing: Flippo E. B. (1984), Principles of Personnel Management (McGraw-Hill International Editions: Management Series) (Internet) Available at. Suvamita G. ,(2010), Recruitment Process Steps, (Internet) Available at . Abhishek A. , (2008), Business: Careers Employment (Internet) Available at . Dr. John S. (1999), The advantages and disadvantages of â€Å"External first’ Hiring Process, (Internet) Available atlt; http://www. ere. net/1999/09/17/the-advantages-and-disadvantages-of-external-first-hiring-preferences/gt;. Nyamupachari V. , RECRUITMENT PROCESS: THE ‘HEART’ OF HUMAN RESOURCES MANAGEMENT, (Internet), Avalable at: . How to cite Recruitment and Human Resources Management, Papers

Should Highschool Athletes Be Drug Tested Essays -

Should Highschool Athletes Be Drug Tested Bill Lobuzzetta En110 College Composition Prof. Sturm 12/9/1999 Should High School Students be Drug Tested? Many schools feel that the students that play sports are the leaders in their schools and should have to take a drug test to be eligible to play sports. The schools do not want drug users on high school sports teams because in many cases, students on the teams are the ones that are looked up to in their schools and are supposed to set the example for others. Drug use by people playing sports also has very serious health consequences on and off the playing field. The teachers noticed a sharp rise in students' drug use in the late 1980s and in disciplinary problems. The school tried to teach the dangers of drugs by bringing in speakers with anti-drug messages and offered special drug deterrence classes. Local police brought in special drug sniffing dogs to detect drugs and the problems still existed. The students in the school were very unhappy with the suspicion of drug use and began to rebel. They caused trouble in classrooms and administration blamed it on drug use. The teachers proposed a student drug testing policy for all students and it was eventually narrowed down to just athletes. Under the policy, any students wishing to play sports in junior or senior high would subject themselves to a urine test so the school could test for drugs. Any students that did not wish to submit themselves to the test would not be eligible to play on a sports team. In addition, 10% of all athletes would be selected each week and tested again. The testing would be conducted in an empty locker room and would be overseen by an adult of the same sex. Students would first have to fill out a specimen control form, which gives each student their own identification number. The students list any prescription medication being taken and a sample of urine given. The samples are sent to an independent laboratory and tested under very strict procedures. Lab results are 99.9% accurate. The only people that know the results of the samples are the superintendent, principals vice principals, and athletic directors. The police authorities would have no information on results from the drug tests. A second test would be given to any student that tested positive the first time. If the test came back negative the second time, the school would take no further actions and the student would be allowed to play on the team. Any student that tested positive the second time would have to have a principal meet with their parents. The students then have the option of going through a six-week drug rehab program and subjecting themselves to weekly urinalysis. If the student does not choose choice number one, he is not allowed to play sports for the remainder of that time and is automatically suspended for a two-year period. Students feel that the new testing policy violates their Fourth Amendment rights. The Fourth Amendment states that the people have the right to be secure in their houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable Searches and seizures, shall not be violated and no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized (www.expage.com/page/drugsinsportsmain). The students feel that using drugs are a choice and though illegal it should be kept to their privacy. Bibliography Works Cited www.expage.com/page/drugsinsportsmain 8 Dec 1999 Buffnet. 8 Dec 1999 Sports and Games Essays

Socio-culture Essays

Socio-culture Essays Socio-culture Essay Socio-culture Essay In a world where evolution of change is a social norm, we must stay informed of new developments that will affect our attitudes about how we should live our lives. With the proliferation of new developments of how to live better from books, newspapers, magazines, and news stations, people must discern what developments are useful to their situation. Socio-culture factors influence our decisions and behaviors. It is also a factor of how healthy we live our lives which ultimately can determine how long we will live.Our demographic structure is an important factor on how long we will live. Demographics such as age, gender, income, and education, effects how we live, what we do, the resources available to us, and what motivates us. â€Å"Life expectancy changes as one gets older. By the time a child reaches their first year, their chances of living longer increase. By the time of late adulthood, ones chances of survival to a very old age are quite good.† (Rosenberg)Younger people are more apt to live a carefree lifestyle because their life expectancy rate is the highest among all age groups. Although they may be well informed on health issues the 18-24 year old age group has the highest rate of individuals without health insurance. They frequent more fast food restaurants, engage in irresponsible behaviors, reckless driving, recreational drugs, sports activities which all affect their short and long term health.By the time we become middle-aged adults we begin to become more health conscious and our lifestyles change accordingly. Exercise, healthy eating habits, including low-fat, non-fat, and no cholesterol products become a major concern. Although middle-aged people desire to live healthier lifestyles, they tend to be overwhelmed by distractions of everyday life like careers and family, which affects their behaviors. Time becomes an issue and exercise becomes a distant second to these distractions. Healthy eating is substituted by convenience of fast food restaurants.The way we live our lives in our youth affects our health in our older years. Exercise, healthy eating, drugs, smoking, and other behaviors all affect how healthy our lives will be in our nest years. Elderly individuals are concerned with maintaining healthy lifestyle which has been affected by their living habits in the years prior.Education plays a big role in life expectancy. It determines our income, our place of residence, and the market which we shop. This also â€Å"Life expectancy is higher in high-income countries than in all but a few low- and middle-income countries.†(Rosenberg)â€Å"In our research, my colleagues and I found that an Asian way of eating (predominantly fruits, vegetables, whole grains, legumes and soy products) and living (moderate exercise, stress management and strong communities) may stop and even reverse the progression of coronary heart disease as well as prostate cancer.†(Ornish) Increases our health conscious habits raise a s we become more educated on the long term effects of unhealthy eating. Educated people tend to be more aware of the trends as they read more, they are exposed to healthy living behaviors through resources they have available to them, and they also tend to have more money which affords. They tend to research and seek out new trends in healthy living. They are also taught about health, and healthy living lifestyles in college courses.â€Å"Race and ethnicity continue to be salient predictors of well-being in American society. On average, non-Hispanic whites and Asians experience advantages in health, education, and economic status relative to blacks, Hispanics, and American Indians.† (Economic) Although race shows a correlation between healthy living and life expectancy, due to an increase in education and healthy lifestyles, the gap of non-Hispanic Whites, Blacks, and Hispanics life expectancy is continuing to close.There is definitely a direct correlation between health and life expectancy. Our lifestyles determine whether we will have heart disease, cancer, how long we will live in a healthy mental state. These determinants of age, income, race, geographic location, and education are directly related to healthy lifestyles. They also show a correlation between one another. Income determines where we will live, while education determines how much income we will possess. Age can also represent our income and education level.â€Å"Socio-culture forces are influences in a society and its culture that result in changes in attitudes, beliefs, norms, customs, and lifestyles.† (Pride) These forces can correlate negatively or positively to a person’s healthy living and thus how long they will live in this world. As the world continues an upward trend of awareness of healthy living necessities, life expectancy rates continue to rise. In the United States women have a life expectancy of 80 years of age while men have a life expectancy of 74 years of age. This trend continues to increase as we learn and continue changes in our lifestyles.

The First Battle of the Marne

The First Battle of the Marne From September 6-12, 1914, just one month into World War I, the First Battle of the Marne took place just 30 miles northeast of Paris in the Marne River Valley of France. Following the Schlieffen Plan, the Germans had been moving swiftly toward Paris when the French staged a surprise attack that began the First Battle of the Marne. The French, with the aid of some British troops, successfully halted the German advance and both sides dug in. The resulting trenches became the first of many that characterized the rest of World War I. Because of their loss at the Battle of the Marne, the Germans, now stuck in muddy, bloody trenches, were not able to eliminate the second front of World War I; thus, the war was to last years rather than months. World War I Begins Upon the assassination of Austro-Hungarian Archduke Franz Ferdinand on June 28, 1914, by a Serbian, Austria-Hungary officially declared war on Serbia on July 28- a month to the day from the assassination.  Serbian ally Russia then declared war on Austria-Hungary.  Germany then jumped into the looming battle at the defense of Austria-Hungary.  And France, who had an alliance with Russia, also joined the war. World War I had begun. Germany, who was literally in the middle of all this, was in a predicament. To fight France in the west and Russia in the east, Germany would need to divide its troops and resources and then send them in separate directions. This would cause the Germans to have a weakened position on both fronts. Germany had been afraid this might happen. Thus, years before World War I, they had created a plan for just such a contingency- the Schlieffen Plan. The Schlieffen Plan The Schlieffen Plan was developed in the early 20th century by German Count Albert von Schlieffen, chief of the German Great General Staff from 1891 to 1905. The plan aimed to end a two-front war as quickly as possible. Schlieffen’s plan involved speed and Belgium. At that time in history, the French had heavily fortified their border with Germany; thus it would take months, if not longer, for the Germans to try to break through those defenses. They needed a faster plan. Schlieffen advocated circumventing these fortifications by invading France from the north via Belgium.  However, the assault had to happen quickly- before the Russians could gather their forces and attack Germany from the east. The downside of Schlieffen’s plan was that Belgium was at that time still a neutral country; a direct attack would bring Belgium into the war on the side of the Allies. The positive of the plan was that a quick victory over France would bring a swift end to the Western Front and then Germany could shift all of its resources to the east in their fight with Russia. At the beginning of World War I, Germany decided to take its chances and put the Schlieffen Plan, with a few changes, into effect.  Schlieffen had calculated that the plan would take only 42 days to complete. The Germans headed to Paris via Belgium. The March to Paris The French, of course, tried to stop the Germans. They challenged the Germans along the French-Belgian border in the Battle of Frontiers. Although this successfully slowed the Germans down, the Germans ultimately broke through and continued southward toward the French capital of Paris.   As the Germans advanced, Paris readied itself for a siege. On September 2, the French government evacuated to the city of Bordeaux, leaving French General Joseph-Simon Gallieni as the new military governor of Paris, in charge of the defense of the city. As the Germans advanced rapidly toward Paris, the German First and Second Armies (led by Generals Alexander von Kluck and Karl von Bà ¼low respectively) were following parallel paths southward, with the First Army a little to the west and the Second Army a bit to the east. Although Kluck and Bà ¼low had been directed to approach Paris as a unit, supporting one another, Kluck got distracted when he sensed easy prey. Instead of following orders and heading directly to Paris, Kluck chose instead to pursue the exhausted, retreating French Fifth Army, led by General Charles Lanrezac. Kluck’s distraction not only did not turn into a quick and decisive victory, but it also created a gap between the German First and Second Armies and exposed the First Army’s right flank, leaving them susceptible to a French counterattack. On September 3, Kluck’s First Army crossed the Marne River and entered the Marne River Valley. The Battle Begins Despite Gallieni’s many last-minute preparations within the city, he knew that Paris couldn’t withstand a siege for long; thus, upon learning of Kluck’s new movements, Gallieni urged the French military to launch a surprise attack before the Germans reached Paris. Chief of the French General Staff Joseph Joffre had exactly the same idea. It was an opportunity that couldn’t be passed up, even if it was a surprisingly optimistic plan in the face of the ongoing massive retreat from northern France. Troops on both sides were utterly and completely exhausted from the long and fast march south. However, the French had an advantage in the fact that as they had retreated south, closer to Paris, their supply lines had shortened; while the Germans’ supply lines had become stretched thin. On September 6, 1914, the 37th day of the German campaign, the Battle of the Marne began. The French Sixth Army, led by General Michel Maunoury, attacked Germany’s First Army from the west. Under attack, Kluck swung even further west, away from the German Second Army, to confront the French attackers. This created a 30-mile gap between the German First and Second Armies. Kluck’s First Army nearly defeated the French’s Sixth when, in the nick in time, the French received 6,000 reinforcements from Paris, brought to the front via 630 taxicabs- the very first automotive transport of troops during the war in history. Meanwhile, the French Fifth Army, now led by General Louis Franchet d’Esperey (who had replaced Lanrezac), and Field Marshal John French’s British troops (who agreed to join in the battle only after much, much urging) pushed up into the 30-mile gap that divided the German First and Second Armies. The French Fifth Army then attacked Bà ¼low’s Second Army. Mass confusion within the German army ensued. For the French, what began as a move of desperation ended up as a wild success, and the Germans began to be pushed back.   The Digging of Trenches By September 9, 1914, it was apparent that the German advance had been halted by the French.  Intending to eliminate this dangerous gap between their armies, the Germans began to retreat, regrouping 40 miles to the northeast, on the border of the Aisne River.   German Chief of the Great General Staff Helmuth von Moltke was mortified by this unexpected change in course and suffered a nervous breakdown.  As a result, the retreat was handled by Moltke’s subsidiaries, causing the German forces to pull back at a much slower pace than they had advanced.   The process was further hampered by the loss in communications between the divisions and a rainstorm on September 11 that turned everything to mud, slowing down man and horse alike. In the end, it took the Germans a total of three full days to retreat.   By September 12, the battle had officially ended, and the German divisions were all relocated to the banks of the Aisne River where they began regrouping.  Moltke, shortly before he was replaced, gave one of the most important orders of the war- â€Å"The lines so reached will be fortified and defended.†1 The German troops began digging trenches. The process of trench digging took nearly two months but was still only meant to be a temporary measure against French retaliation.  Instead, gone were the days of open warfare; both sides remained within these underground lairs until the end of the war. Trench warfare, begun at the First Battle of the Marne, would come to monopolize the rest of World War I. The Toll of the Battle of the Marne In the end, the Battle of the Marne was a bloody battle. Casualties (both those killed and wounded) for the French forces are roughly estimated around 250,000 men; casualties for the Germans, who had no official tally, are estimated to be around the same number.  The British lost 12,733.   The First Battle of the Marne was successful in halting the German advance to seize Paris; however, it is also one of the main reasons that the war continued past the point of initial brief projections.  According to historian Barbara Tuchman, in her book The Guns of August, The Battle of the Marne was one of the decisive battles of the world not because it determined that Germany would eventually lose or the Allies ultimately win the war but because it determined that the war would go on.2 The Second Battle of the Marne The area of the Marne River Valley would be revisited with large-scale warfare in July 1918 when German General Erich von Ludendorff attempted one of the final German offensives of the war.   This attempted advance became known as the Second Battle of the Marne but was rapidly halted by Allied forces. It is viewed today as one of the keys to ultimately ending the war as the Germans realized that they lacked the resources to win the battles necessary to win World War I.

Discussion Questions 2 Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Discussion Questions 2 - Coursework Example Achieving of these targets and thus successful strategy creation can be done through utilizing a series of â€Å"hows† that enables the company to plan its business growth, to meet customers’ needs and to prepare to the changing market conditions. The process of strategy implementation includes managing of operations aimed to achieve organizational goals and objectives. This part of converting strategic views into the concrete actions requires managers to direct organizational actions, be able to motivate people in order to meet the performance targets. A strategy is a distinctive way that allows the company to understand where it wants to be from the current situation, how to manage future direction and how to get there. It is also about how the company would be set apart from the rivals, respond to the changing market conditions, manage business, improve the performance gaps in order to achieve its competitive edge. These are the main conditions and reasons for the businesses to develop a strategy and why it is so important. Once a strategy is developed, an organization in ready to make decisions and involve stakeholders for future performance. As business model represents an economic spectre of making money, a viable business model allows an organization to have a material profit from its products and services but it also gives consumers a benefit from using them. Under such conditions, each part of the business, its owners and stakeholders, are satisfied with the outcome, which is profit for the company and good service or product for the

Impact of training and development on employees performance in tesco Literature review

Impact of training and development on employees performance in tesco - Literature review Example The significance behind continued training of employees has become overarching drift of needs of the society and consequently calling for a continuation of training programs in the organizations. This is a vital concern for the sake, of sustainability of the organization in the global competitive market. As documented by Nixon (2004), human resource planning (HRP), is a core function in Human Resource Management (HRM) that determine the difference between success and failure in any organization. Consequently, the effectiveness of human resource planning is determined by the competency of placing the right people in positions that they fit most and in proper time. Failure of experts in human resource management to meet this objective creates a significant gap, called a training gap within the organization. In addition, this gap is a manifestation of the disparity between actual performances of employees to their anticipated performance and this gap can only be eliminated through incorporating programs of training and development in the firm (Nixon, 2004). It is therefore, prudent for any organization to appreciate the fact that training and development has a significant impact on employees such as managers, sales staff and customer service individuals. Consequently, the importance of undertaking programs of training to facilitate maximum returns from employees in investments. It is to the understanding of the management of organizations which are aspiring to gain a competitive edge, that the success of the business depends on the performance of the employees which is achieved through training and development (Conger & Rabindra, 2008). According to McDermott (2004), the duty of a company is to initiate a high model of commitment which avails the programs of training and development to employees of all hierarchy in the organization. The culture of an organization should

Theories of Cultural Criminology

Theories of Cultural Criminology Contemporary Issues in Criminology:  Cultural Criminology Critically discuss its theoretical underpinnings and evaluate whether this theoretical approach serves as a useful explanation of criminal behavior in modern Britain. Cultural criminology is the approach to the investigation of crime that its criminality and its control are based in the context of culture. This means, that institutions of crime control, and crime by it self are seen as products of culture. Cultural criminology’s study is approached with theories, methods, and political analysis. There are two key elements that interact, and cultural criminology wants to pay its attention on this interaction which is between: the ascending and descending of the connection of constructions. It always focuses upon the adjoining generation of meaning around this interaction such as: making and breaking of the rules of law, innovation and infringement in politics. (www.culturalcriminology.org) Particularly, cultural criminology is an observation performed by Ferrell Sanders (1995), and implemented by Redhead (1995) and others and linked specific academic threads to discover the meeting of cultural and criminal procedures in current social life. (Kane 1998) In modern society the crime practice and crime control, with cultural dynamics, are connected and cultural criminology discovers the various ways in which they connect. In other words, what cultural criminology supports, is the idea that the centrality of meaning and representation in the structure of crime as a temporary fact. From this point of view, the traditional ideas of crime and crime awareness to add pictures of illegal behavior and symbolic appearances of law reinforcement, famous culture structures of crime and criminal behavior. Scholars are allowed from this big interest and concentration on culture, and people have better understanding of crime, as remarkable activity, and also comprehends the politics that contest for criminal control. (www.culturalcriminology.org) Cultural criminology unites at a very high level, the clear-sight of sociological criminology with the orientations toward picture and design, which is given by the cultural studies area. Cultural criminology has appeared from a much more mixed co-process of criminology, sociology and of course cultural analysis and this is because of the wide contribution of criminology and culture combined. This appearance was the basic track for the well educated people who worked in association with the Birmingham School of Cultural studies, the National Deviancy Conference, and in Great Britain with the ‘new criminology’ in the 1970s. (www.culturalcriminology.org) After reviewing the kind of modern power, the academics studied the extensions of social level that had to do with culture and ideology. Forbidden subcultures but also easy-going countries (that have another meaning of life), have been observed by those academics. After the observation, they examined what came in between these two different ideologies who guide lawful control and social inspection. (www.culturalcriminology.org) Any regulation that is living and affluent is a topic to ordinary processes of regeneration and refreshment. Criminology is the alike. It has had its humanist Marxist, feminist, and rationalist, between other reappearances and is presently being delighted to one more ‘paradigm shift’ in the shape of a self-styled ‘cultural criminology’. A current unique issue is Theoretical Criminology (2004), which was dedicated to the appearance and predictions of this new kid on the rational block. According to Hayward and Young’s (2004:259) opening essay of the particular topic, cultural criminology is: ‘the placing of crime and its control in the background of culture; that is, observing both crime and the organization of control as cultural products –as inspired creations. (O’Brien 2005, p. 599) The main area that new criminology examines most, is how actors derive meaning, and also looks on how to use the analysis of the examination they are focusing on, to find what leads to breaching the law as every day routine. (ibid.: 260, 266). Understanding its mental heritage in 1960s radicalism and by noticing and observing the strange and not well known subcultures upon that radicalism as more of criminological work, the argument pays attention to its humane certifications and oppositional political motions. â€Å"Indeed, cultural criminology describes it self as, and delights in, working ‘at the margins of ‘mainstream’ criminology, for two reasons, first, because ‘it is here, in these forgotten spaces that the story of crime so often unfolds, and secondly because mainstream criminology is dominated by ‘administrative rationalization and statistical complexity†. (O’Brien 2005, Ferrell 1999 p. 599) Whether a new mental try does not actually stands for what cultural criminology really is, instead of a logical process of past work on different subcultures is still in question, and it is worth it if is a category it self and given a suitable historical reflection. (O’Brien 2005, p. 599) Usually, criminal behavior means sub cultural behavior. Individuals and activities which are known as criminals are formally produced by the limits of different and criminal subcultures. Criminologists have accredited this from the interactionist criminology of the Chicago School and Edwin Sutherland to the sub cultural theories of Cohen, Cloward and Ohlin. (Ferrell, 1995 p.26) Either if it is carried out by a group of people, or just by one person, specific criminal acts are usually set up within incited by sub cultural. Even though the boundaries may still have an inaccurate definition, and the membership may increase in numbers as well as the level of commitment, these subcultures include final human relationships for those who take part in them. â€Å"Biker, hustler, Blood and Crip, all name sub cultural networks as much as individual personalities.†(Ferrell, 1995 p.26) As Sutherland and the Chicago School knew from fifty years ago , and while immeasurable case studies have been certified, criminal subcultures merge not only proximities of personal relationship. To be able to discuss about criminal subculture, the ability to accredit a group of people and a truss of symbols, meaning and education is required. Members of criminal subcultures always adapt and discuss ‘motives, drives, rationalizations, and attitudes’, they perform a different kind of language, look/style, personality and they take part at a larger or smaller level, in a subculture, a way of life which they chose.(Ferrell, 1995 p.26) The sub cultural meaning mostly action, personality, and status is organized around the style which the subculture’s member decide to have. Delicacies of chosen style, defines what crime means, and difference for sub cultural members, agents of legal control, consumers of intercede crime pictures and other people. We must be clever enough to understand the criminal acts and chosen aesthetics they have for their selves. (Ferrell, 1995 p.26-27) â€Å"Katzs research, for example, has linked criminal acts and aesthetics by examining the styles and symbolic meanings which emerge inside the everyday dynamics of criminal events and criminal subcultures. By paying attention to dark sunglasses and white undershirts, to precise styles of walking, talking, and otherwise presenting ones criminal identity, Katz has sketched the alternative deviant culture, the coherent deviant ‘a’esthetic in which badasses, cholos, punks, youth gang members, and others participate. In these cases, as in other forms of crime on and off the street, the meaning of criminality is anchored in the style of its collective practice. The bikers ritually reconstructed motorcycle, the gang members sports clothing and tattoos, the graffiti writers mysterious street images, and the skinheads violently provocative music constitute the essential cultural and sub cultural materials out of which criminal projects and criminal identities are constructed and displayed. Once again, participation in a criminal subculture, or in the culture of crime, means participation in the symbolism and style, the collective aesthetic environment, of criminality.† (Ferrell, 1995 p.27) A recent study by the British cultural studies tradition to Katz and other new criminologists has concluded that style and symbolism not only bind with the wide social and lawful relations in which these subcultures are caught. Criminal subcultures and their styles accelerate out of school, age, ethnicity, gender and legal inequalities repeat and resist these social wrong lines. This interaction of sub cultural style, inequality and power in turn, reminds of Becker’s classic criminological thoughtless that we have to investigate, criminal subcultures and also legal and political powers who built these subcultures as criminal. After we do the study, we see that these powers (authorities) both opposing to sub cultural styles, and themselves, putting symbolic and stylish strategies of their own against them. The criminalization attempts of legal and political supporters show again the control of cultural forces. In criminalizing cultural and sub cultural actions, and demonstrating for public support, ethical capitalists and legal authorities influence legal and political structures, but possibly more, so structures of mass symbolism and perception. (Ferrell, 1995 p.27, 28) To seize the real meaning of criminalization and crime, cultural criminology should count the powers of criminal subcultures as well as for the powers of mass media. Nowadays, intervene pictures of crime and criminal abuse, is harming as slowly-slowly and by doing that, helps the public to draw opinions and policies that have to do with crime. But obviously these modern cases construct on latest interceded constructions of crime and its control. In the United States, criminalization of marijuana fifty years ago was based on a try to wake people up to see the danger and face it, as unambiguously defective symbol in Los Angeles newspapers. (Ferrell, 1995 p.28) â€Å"In the mid-1960s, shocking media reports of rape and assault placed the circumstance for a permissible campaign in opposition to the Hells Angels; and at approximately the matching time, lawful harassments on British mods and rockers were lawful throughout the medias consumption of sensitive symbols.† In the 1970s, the mutual relations amid the British mass media and criminal justice system formed a discernment that mugging was a terrifying new injures of crime. And throughout the 1980s and untimely 1990s, mediated horror legends justified wars on drugs, gangs, and graffiti in the United States, and shaped instants of mediated moral panic over child cruelty and child pornography in Great Britain.† (Ferrell, 1995 p.28) This concentration on cultural dynamics, the composition of deviant intellectual opinions, the motion behind obedient frontiers, show the probabilities for a reviewable cultural criminology and a kind of postmodern cultural criminology too. Contemporary public, feminist and cultural theories are increasingly moving behind obedient limitations and divide categories to build synthetic, postmodern expectations on cultural and social life. Although grated by their eclectic and divergent parts, these opinions use some same general ideas, between them, the perception that the everyday culture of people and the everyday culture of people and teams merges strong and clashing separations of style and meaning. (Ferrell, 1995 p.36) â€Å"The symbolism and style of social interaction, the culture of everyday life in this way forms a contested political terrain, embodying patterns of inequality, power, and privilege. And these patterns are in turn intertwined with larger structures of mediated information and entertainment, cultural production and consumption, and legal and political authority. As the sort of cultural criminology outlined here develops, it can integrate criminology into these synthetic lines of situated inquiry now emerging under broad headings like postmodernism and cultural studies.† (Ferrell, 1995 p.28) Although grated but their electric and divergent parts, these opinions use some sane general ideas, between them, the perception that the everyday culture of people and teams merges strong and clashing separations of style and meaning. Consequently cultural criminology gives the chance to criminologists, to reinforce their own thoughts and beliefs on crime with perceptive from different areas, but providing at the same time for their colleagues in the studies of culture, sociology of culture, studies on media, and wherever they can adopt their thoughts from, criminalization, and their connection to political and cultural procedures. Folding or breaching the motions of criminology in order to build a cultural criminology, undercuts modern criminology, not more that it extends and vitalizes it. Cultural criminology extends criminology’s sectors contain words conventionally considered external to it like: popular music, style, media operations and texts, and gallery act. Likely, criminology is introduced in contemporary discourses with these worlds and gives a termination of criminological perspectives are very important to them. Crime and culture’s relation, and the wider relation among criminology and modern social, cultural life, are both of them enlighten within cultural criminology. (Ferrell, 1995 p.36-37) References: Ferrell, J. (1995) Culture, Crime, and Cultural Criminology [on-line]. Journal of Criminal Justice and Popular Culture. Available from: http://www.albany.edu/scj/jcjpc/vol3is2/culture.html [Accessed 1 March 2008] O’ Briem, M. (2005) what is cultural about cultural criminology? British Journal Criminology, [On-line] Available from: URL: E:UniModulesWhat is Cultural about Cultural Criminology O’Brien 45 (5) 599 British Journal of Criminology.htm [1 [Accessed 2 March 2008]. Ferrell, J. Cultural criminology. Blackwell Encyclopedia of Sociology [on-line]. Available from: -http://www.culturalcriminology.org/papers/cult-crim-blackwell-ency-soc.pdf

Christian Ethics Are Too Rigid for Moral Decision Making

It can be argued, that when referring to the Bible, teachings within it are too rigid for moral decision making. There are many reasons for this, some which are very evident, particularly when looking at certain teachings. On the other hand, some argue that most religious ethics are the right way to approach moral decision making as these contain the teachings and word of God so must be correct. Some of St. Paul’s teachings are heavily criticised for being too rigid.For example if a Christian were to be offered a promotion in a career, but it meant that they were to take someone else’s job and leave them without one, such teachings as, â€Å"Let your conduct be without covetousness; be content with such things as you have. For He Himself has said, ‘I will never leave you nor forsake you. ‘† (Heb. 13:5). See also: 1 Tim. 6:9-11, would not help in this situation. This is discouraging an individual for taking that particular thing away from another even if it were to mean that they were happier as a result.Therefore there is no flexibility about this, and the decision would be made to reject the offer of the career as one should not be jealous or want what another has. On the other hand, many argue that St. Paul’s teachings are rigid and can be seen from many different angles. For example the teaching, â€Å"But do not forget to do good and to share, for with such sacrifices God is well pleased† (Heb. 13:16) can be applied to many situations when making moral decisions, as it is very broad and not specific. Therefore the teaching is flexible enough to be applied to almost every situation.However it could be argued that teachings such as this are not specific enough to give strong guidance in a moral decision, particularly those which are life changing. Fundamentalist Christians would agree that St. Paul’s teachings are not too rigid as they believe that we should abide by the exact word of the Bible, as this is God’s word and not try to attempt to alter them in any way. When studying the Ten Commandments, many believe that these cannot be applied literally to every situation as there are different approaches that can be taken.For example commandment number four, ‘Remember the Sabbath day, to keep it holy’ cannot be applied to the modern day as many people now work on a Sunday but still worship the Lord. Even Jesus Christ worked on a Sunday and was told not to when he was healing others. Even though he was acting out of love, this was still seen as work and was therefore against the word of God. Liberal Christians would agree that the Ten Commandments are too rigid to be used for moral decision making as different situations. For instance commandment six, ‘You shall not murder’ could be arguable.This is because if a girl was being raped and in self-defence killed the rapist, could it not be argued that this is justifying right? Due the fact that the murder was only a result of the sin that the rapist committed to begin with. Fundamentalist Christians would not agree with this, as they believe that the Ten Commandments are rules to be abided by, from God. However it can then be argued that if a person is only being obedient to the rules of God and doing what they are told, are they actually making a moral decision?This then also questions whether that person also then has any moral autonomy if they are just obeying the word of God. This is a strong criticism against religious ethics when used for moral decision making. Another criticism is that many religious ethics are very hard to be applied to modern day situations. This is because the teachings within the Bible were written thousands of years ago, and with advances with technology and society generally, situations occur today which would not have back then.Therefore these ethics can be seen as too rigid to apply to modern day moral decisions. In particular many of St. Paul’s teachings are arguably sexist. For instance St. Paul preached that women should not be able to work, and yet today work between men and women is very equal with certain acts making this possible. Therefore as previously mentioned, it can be argued that St. Paul’s teachings are too rigid for moral decisions, as they do not take account for the modern day. Despite this, many argue that some Christian ethics are not too rigid for moral decision making e. . situation ethics. It is seen that situation ethics offers moral maturity and particularly conscience and prayer allows the Christian to have autonomy. Many Christians today take a liberal approach to moral decision making, as they are able to adapt the scripture for the particular situation that they are in and believe that this will achieve the best outcome. However Fundamentalist Christians will argue that if Christian ethics are too flexible then this could result with no ethics or guidance in what to do, and Christians wi ll make the wrong moral decisions.In conclusion, Fundamentalist and Liberal Christians take different approaches to moral decision making using religious ethics. Fundamentalist Christians will take a strict legalism approach and abide by rules from God such as the Ten Commandments, and only act by the teachings within the Bible, and how they believe that God would have wanted them to. On the other hand, Liberal Christians take a more copious approach and use Christian teachings such as situation ethics to help them make moral decisions.This is because they allow them to be flexible and are able to apply the rule of ‘love’ to every situation. I would agree with Liberal Christians, as I believe that this approach allows us to adapt Christian ethics for the modern day situation and I believe that this will achieve the best outcome whilst still following the word of God and acting lovingly. Therefore I believe that Christian ethics such as religious ethics saves Christianit y from being too rigid.

Abortion Is The Ending Of A Pregnancy - 1748 Words

Many women get pregnant without meaning to do so. It could be from a one night stand with some guy she met at a bar, or with a long time boyfriend she is unhappy with. Sadly, a young woman could also get pregnant from being raped by a family member or even a complete stranger. What are they supposed to do? These women aren t ready for a child. Some women will go through the pregnancy, but a lot of them will resort to abortion. Abortion is the ending of a pregnancy (Vaughn 293). There are three different types of abortion: spontaneous abortion, induced abortion, and therapeutic abortion. Spontaneous abortion is an abortion due to natural causes, like birth defects or injury (a miscarriage). Induced abortion is the the intentional termination of pregnancy through drugs or surgery. Therapeutic abortion is an abortion performed to preserve to life of the mother (Vaughn 293). We will be focusing mainly on induced abortion in this paper. Legally, women can get an abortion within their firs t trimester with no limitation by the state. In their second trimester, the state can limit, but not entirely prohibit, the right for a woman to get an abortion. When a woman gets an abortion, she is killing her unborn child. In this paper I will argue why abortion is morally wrong, because it is killing a fetus, which is a person. In Judith Thomson s A Defense of Abortion, She creatively uses many analogies to try to explain the impact on women who accidently become pregnant . In her storyShow MoreRelatedAbortion Is The Ending Of A Pregnancy888 Words   |  4 PagesAbortion When a women becomes pregnant, they start to form a fetus in the womb of the women. There are times when the mother of the fetus does not want the child. So in order to be rid of the fetus they would go to the doctor to perform a surgery to be rid of the baby. The surgery is called abortion, abortion is the ending of a pregnancy, performed during the first 28 weeks of pregnancy. Abortion began over several centuries ago, there is history of women helping each other to abort their childRead MoreAbortion Is The Ending Of Pregnancy1341 Words   |  6 Pages  Abortion is the ending of pregnancy by removing a fetus or embryo from the womb before it can survive on its own. surgery has lower risk of side effects. When allowed by local law abortion in the developed world is and has long been one of the safest procedures in medicine. Uncomplicated abortions do not cause any long term mental or physical problems. Every year unsafe abortions cause 47,000 deaths and 5 million hospital admis sions. Around 44 million abortions occur each year in the world, withRead MoreAbortion Is The Ending Of Pregnancy Essay1248 Words   |  5 Pages ARBOTION Abortion is the ending of pregnancy by removing the fetus or embryo before it fully develops or in other word before it is able to survive on its own. A simultaneous occurrence of abortion is called miscarriage whereas when purposely caused it is called an induced abortion. Another medically used term is late termination of pregnancy. Induced abortion requires use of medication and surgical methods in modern medicine. MifepristoneRead MoreAbortion Is The Medical Process Of Ending A Pregnancy3690 Words   |  15 Pages An abortion is the medical process of ending a pregnancy so it does not result in the birth of a baby. It is also sometimes known as a â€Å"termination† or a â€Å"termination of pregnancy†. Depending on how many weeks you have been pregnant, the pregnancy is ended either by taking medication or by having a surgical procedure. An abortion is not the same as a miscarriage, where the pregnancy ends without medical intervention. â€Å"All human life form the moment of conception and through all subsequent stagesRead MorePro-Life Side Of Abortion. Abortion Is The Ending Of Pregnancy1540 Words   |  7 PagesPro-life side of abortion Abortion is the ending of pregnancy by removing an embryo or fetus before it is able to survive outside the uterus. An abortion can either happen through a miscarriage or a medically induced termination of pregnancy. The two sides of abortion are the pro-life side, which is against abortion, and the pro-choice side, which supports it. Abortion should not be legal with the exception of some cases of rape and health risk to the mother. The unborn person should have the rightRead MoreAnti Abortion informative outline1025 Words   |  5 Pagesslaughter of Innocence) Specific Purpose: (To inform as well as advocate readers, Mostly Women, and Mothers on why it is unethical and it is not ever right to destroy a life. Most importantly, is to convince women why abortion should be illegal. I. Introduction A. Attention Getter: (Abortion; a new generation’s way of shrugging off responsibility of their action at the cost of Human life.) B. Tie to the audience: According to the 1st Amendment to the constitution that says we have the right to freedomRead MoreShould Abortion Be Permissible?1238 Words   |  5 PagesWhether abortion is legalized or illegal, abortion is Immoral (Presidential debates) Abortion is a very delicate issue that we heard about a lot the last two years from the political debates of our country. Many people from the democrat and the republican parties had repetitively debated whether or not an abortion should be tolerable or not tolerable. Some considered that ending the life of a human fetus is very bad and should not be permissible at all. Republican Party alleged that abortion is likeRead MoreAbortion, The, And Abortion998 Words   |  4 PagesUnited States there are more than a billion abortions performed each year. Since the court case Roe vs Wade in 1973 more than 56 million babies have been murdered in the United States before they had the chance to take their first breath (Snyder, Micha el). These statics along with many more show the huge injustice that is happening in the country I call home. Abortion is defined as the removal of an embryo or fetus from the uterus in order to end a pregnancy. It can include any of various surgicalRead MoreThe Right to Live832 Words   |  3 PagesAccording to the National Right to Life, nearly 4,000 abortions are performed daily. When you think about it, that’s a great deal of unborn children that are just â€Å"discarded† or erased, like a sheet of paper containing an awful mistake. An abortion, by definition, is the termination of a pregnancy after, accompanied by, resulting in, or closely followed by the death of a human embryo or fetus (spontaneously or by induced expulsion). Abortions have been performed for centuries, and surprisingly, areRead MoreThe Main Purpose of Abortion826 Words   |  4 PagesWhat is abortion? Abortion is the ending of a pregnancy before birth. Early in a pregnancy, the fertilized egg that grows and develops is called the embryo. After three months of development, it is usually called a fetus . An abortion causes the embryo or fetus to die. Abortion is a very inhumane thing to do I could never think of giving up a baby even when it is not an actual humane, when it is in the lady it is still considered a person to me no matter what. I have five nephews and nieces and I

Types of Maps Political, Climate, Elevation, and More

The field of geography relies on many different types of maps in order to study the features of the earth. Some maps are so common that a child would recognize them, while others are used only by professionals in specialized fields. Some of the most common types are political, physical, topographic, climate, economic, and thematic maps. Fast Facts: Types of Maps Simply defined, maps are pictures of the Earths surface. General reference maps document landforms, national boundaries, bodies of water, the locations of cities and so on.Thematic maps display specific data, such as the average rainfall distribution for an area or the distribution of a certain disease throughout a county. Political Maps A political map does not show topographic features like mountains. It focuses solely on the state and national boundaries of a place. These maps also include the locations of cities large and small, depending on the detail of the maps. A typical example of a political map would be one showing the 50 U.S. states and their borders along with the United States international borders. Physical Maps A physical map is one that documents landscape features of a place. These maps generally show things like mountains, rivers, and lakes. Bodies of water are commonly shown in blue. Mountains and elevation changes are sometimes shown with different colors and shades to show elevation. On physical maps, greens usually indicate lower elevations while browns usually indicate higher elevations. This map of Hawaii is a physical map. Low elevation coastal regions are shown in dark green, while the higher elevations transition from orange to dark brown. Rivers are shown in blue. World Map 3D Render Topographic Map. FrankRamspot/Getty Images Topographic Maps A topographic map is similar to a physical map in that it shows different physical landscape features. Unlike physical maps, though, this type of map uses contour lines instead of colors to show changes in the landscape. Contour lines on topographic maps are normally spaced at regular intervals to show elevation changes (e.g. each line represents a 100-foot elevation change). When lines are close together, it means the terrain is steep. Climate Maps A climate map shows information about the climate of an area. These maps can show things like the specific climatic zones of an area based on the temperature, the amount of snow an area receives, or the average number of cloudy days. These maps normally use colors to show different climatic areas. This  climate map for Australia  uses colors to show differences between the temperate area of Victoria and the desert region in the center of the continent. Vegetation zones of the world, lithograph, published in 1897.   ZU_09/Getty Images Economic or Resource Maps An economic or resource map shows the specific types of economic activity or natural resources present in an area through the use of different symbols or colors depending on what is being depicted. This economic activity map for Brazil, for example, uses colors to show different agricultural products of given areas, letters for natural resources, and symbols for different industries. Road Maps A road map is one of the most widely used map types. These maps show major and minor highways and roads (depending on the degree of detail), as well as things like airports, cities, and points of interest such as parks, campgrounds, and monuments. Major highways on a roadmap are generally shown with thick, red lines, while minor roads are lighter in color and drawn with narrower lines. A road map of California, for example, would depict Interstate highways with a wide red or yellow line, while state highways would be shown in a narrower line in the same color. Depending on the level of detail, the map may also show county roads, major city arteries, and rural routes. These would be depicted in shades of gray or white. Thematic Maps A thematic map is a map that focuses on a particular theme or special topic. These maps are different from the six aforementioned general reference maps because they do not just show features like rivers, cities, political subdivisions, elevation, and highways. If these items appear on a thematic map, they are background information and are used as reference points to enhance the maps theme. This Canadian map, for example, which shows changes in population between 2011 and 2016, is a good example of a thematic map. The city of Vancouver is broken down into regions based on the Canadian Census. Changes in the population are represented by a range of colors ranging from green (growth) to red (loss) based on the degree of change.